Clinical Efficacy of Maxingshigantang Enema in Treating Infants with Pneumonia and Asthma and Intervention Mechanism of Lung-intestine Microenvironment / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy of Maxingshigantang enema in the treatment of infant viral pneumonia by comparing related indicators， and comprehensively evaluate the effect of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） enema on the intestinal microenvironment. MethodSixty infants with viral pneumonia were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups. The dosage of enema drugs in high- （0.117 g·mL-1） and low-concentration （0.07 g·mL-1） TCM enema groups was same （3.5 g per time）， and the control group received normal saline enema， once a day for 7 days. Finally， the curative effect， total symptom score， salivary secretory immunoglobulin A （sIgA）， human beta defensin 2 （hBD2） and fecal calprotectin （CALP） of each group were statistically analyzed by SPSS 21.0， and the clinical efficacy of TCM enema in treating children with pneumonia and asthma was comprehensively evaluated. ResultThe curative effect of high-concentration TCM enema group （total effective rate 100%， χ2=7.059） was equivalent to that of low-concentration TCM enema group （total effective rate 95%， χ2=4.329）， higher than that of control group （total effective rate 70%） （P<0.017）. After treatment， compared with control group and low-concentration TCM enema group， high-concentration TCM enema group had higher total symptom score of children （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The proportion of coccobacillus was reduced in three groups， with high- and low-concentration TCM enema groups lower than control group （P<0.05）. The salivary sIgA concentration was increased in three groups （P<0.05）， with high-concentration TCM enema group higher than the other groups （P<0.01）. The hBD2 concentration was decreased in three groups， with high- and low-concentration TCM enema groups lower than control group （P<0.05）. The three groups reduced the fecal CALP concentration， and high-concentration TCM enema group had the highest reduction， followed by low-concentration TCM enema group （P<0.01）. ConclusionTCM enema outweighs western medicine in improving clinical symptoms， intestinal flora， and mucosal immune function， and reducing inflammation in children， and the high-concentration TCM enema group has better curative effect. Therefore， with easiness to operate， high compliance， and significant therapeutic effect， TCM enema is worthy of clinical promotion.

Comparative study on HPLC fingerprints between crude and processed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus / 中国中药杂志

To establish high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) fingerprints for crude and processed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus,and to evaluate their quality through the similarity calculation and chemical pattern recognition. The separation was performed with Syncronis C_(18) column(4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm), with acetonitrile(A) and 0.1% phosphoric acid solution(B) as the mobile phase for gradient elution, and a detection wavelength of 280 nm. HPLC was used to detect 22 batches of crude and processed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus,and the Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine(2012 Edition) was used to evaluate the similarity among 22 batches. The research on pattern recognition was conducted with cluster analysis(CA), principal component analysis(PCA), and partial least squares discriminate analysis(PLS-DA). HPLC fingerprints of crude and processed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus were established, with similarity ranging from 0.9 to 1.0. The crude and processed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus can be obviously distinguished by using CA, PCA and PLS-DA. According to the results of PLS-DA,11 constituents including hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, specnuezhenide and oleuropein were the main marker components leading to the difference. The established fingerprint method is stable and reliable, and can provide method basis for quality control of crude and processed Ligustri Lucidi Fructus. Chemical pattern recognition is proved to be helpful in comprehensive quality control and evaluation of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus before and after the process.

Effective-constituent compatibility-based analysis of Bufei Yishen formula, a traditional herbal compound as an effective treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#Critical effective constituents were identified from Bufei Yishen formula (BYF), a traditional herbal compound and combined as effective-constituent compatibility (ECC) of BYF I, which may have potential bioactive equivalence to BYF.@*METHODS@#The active constituents of BYF were identified using four cellular models and categorised into Groups 1 (Bufeiqi), 2 (Bushen), 3 (Huatan) and 4 (Huoxue) according to Chinese medicinal theory. An orthogonal design and a combination method were used to determine the optimal ratios of effective constituents in each group and the ratios of "Groups 1 to 4" according to their pharmacological activity. We also comprehensively assessed bioactive equivalence between the BYF and the ECC of BYF I in a rat model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).@*RESULTS@#We identified 12 active constituents in BYF. The numbers of constituents in Groups 1 to 4 were 3, 2, 5 and 2, respectively. We identified the optimal ratios of effective constituents within each group. In Group 1, total ginsenosides:Astragalus polysaccharide:astragaloside IV ratio was 9:5:2. In Group 2, icariin:schisandrin B ratio was 100:12.5. In Group 3, nobiletin:hesperidin:peimine:peiminine:kaempferol ratio was 4:30:6.25:0:0. In Group 4, paeoniflorin:paeonol ratio was 4:1. An orthogonal design was then used to establish the optimal ratios of Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4 in ECC of BYF I. The ratio for total ginsenosides:Astragalus polysaccharide:astragaloside IV:icariin:schisandrin B:nobiletin:hesperidin:peimine:paeoniflorin:paeonol was determined to be 22.5:12.5:5:100:12.5:4:30:6.25:25:6.25. A comprehensive evaluation confirmed that ECC of BYF I presented with bioactive equivalence to the original BYF.@*CONCLUSION@#Based on the ECC of traditional Chinese medicine formula method, the effective constituents of BYF were identified and combined in a fixed ratio as ECC of BYF I that was as effective as BYF itself in treating rats with COPD.

Etiology of 142 cases of infant cholestasis and the evaluation of the common diagnostic methods / 中国实用儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the etiology of infant cholestasis,and to evaluate the commonly clinical diagnostic methods in diagnosing infant biliary atresia(BA). METHODS: A total of 142 hospitalized children with infant cholestasis in the pediatric ward of our hospital from January 1,2012 to November 30,2016 were included. RESULTS: Totally 99 cases(69.7%)were comfirmed,and the most common causes were BA,cytomegalovirus infection and citrin protein deficiency.Totally 37 cases(26.1%)were diagnosed as idiopathic infant hepatitis and 6 cases(4.2%)were undiagnosed. Compared with no-BA group,acholie stools predominated in BA group,and the serum γ-GT in BA were significantly higher. Abdominal ultrasonography showed that 81.2% were cholecyst undiscovered or small in size in BA. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy(HBS)showed that 95.0% had no image of gallbladder or radioactive concentration in bowel and 5.0% had delayed image or radioactive conceatration in BA. The difference between the two group;was statistical(P<0.01). The sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy of acholic stools to diagnose BAwere 91.3%,92.9%,and 92.2%,γ-GT≥300 U/Lwere 65.2%,91.8%,83.3%,abdominal ultrasonography were 68.8%,90.8%,84.9%,HBS were 95%,50%,68.0%,respectively. CONCLUSION: The common causes of infant cholestasis in BA,idiopathic hepatitis,cytomegalovirus infection,and Citrin protein deficiency. In the infant cholestasis with acholic stools,infracostal liver≥3 cm,serum γ-GT≥300 U/L,cholecyst undiscovered or small in size in abdominal ultrasonography,HBS undiscovered or delayed image of gallbladder or radioactive concentration in bowel,the BA should be suspected.

A new method for rapid detection of dengue antigen based on microfluidic immune magnetic beads / 热带医学杂志

@# Abstract：Objective To establish a sensitive，rapid and convenient method for the detection of dengue antigen and assist clinical diagnosis of dengue. Methods In this paper，we developed a rapid detection method for dengue antigen based on microfluidic immune magnetic beads. Solidwork software was used to design microfluidic chip，which was prepared by mechanical processing and chemical sealing. Immunomagnetic beads of dengue antibody were prepared by chemical coupling reaction. Using HRP ⁃TMB ⁃H2O2 as color system，dengue NS1 antigen was detected on microfluidic chip carrier by double antibody sandwich method. Finally，57 clinical samples were tested by the novel method and traditional ELISA kit，and the accuracy of the method was analyzed，and the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods were compared. Results 20 minutes was needed to detect dengue NS1 antigen by using the novel ELISA method，and the reaction system only needed 10 μg beads and 10 μL samples. In the verification experiment，the method could distinguish the negative from the positive obviously. The positive sample had color rendering，while the negative and blank samples had no color rendering. In terms of detection performance，the coincidence rate between the new ELISA method and the traditional ELISA method reached 100%. Conclusion The novel ELISA detection platform had the advantages of simple，rapid，reagent and sample saving，high sensitivity，good stability and high accuracy，and could be used for the detection of dengue antigen.

Application of STRONGkids to screen infants with lower respiratory tract infection and its possible in-fluence on clinical outcome / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective To investigate the incidence of nutritional risk in infants with lower respiratory tract infection, and to compare the effects of different nutritional risks on clinical outcomes, and to provide evi-dence for clinical nutritional management of infantile lower respiratory tract infection. Methods Infants and young children with lower respiratory tract infection who were hospitalized in our hospital from January 2013 to March 2016 were selected as subjects. Nutritional risk screening was performed using the Nutritional Status and Growth Risk Screening Tool ( STRONGkids) . Results A total of 957 infants with lower respiratory tract infec-tions were included in the study. The incidence of high nutrition risk and low and medium nutritional risk were 17. 6％ and 82. 4％, respectively. The clinical cure rate was 68. 5％ and 71. 4％ respectively. The children with pneumonia and bronchitis had high nutritional risk. The incidence rates were 20. 60％ and 4. 87％, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=25. 52, P=0. 000) . Time-effect single factor analysis ( Kaplan-Meier method):The hospitalization time for infants with low nutritional risk and high nutri-tional risk was 9. 3 ( 0. 3) d and 13. 3 ( 1. 0) d, respectively. The difference between the two groups was sta-tistically significant. (χ2=28. 33, P=0. 000) , the total hospitalization expenses were 5653. 5 ( 224. 8) yuan and 10079. 5 ( 1755. 8) yuan respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (χ2=4. 47, P=0. 034) . Multivariate COX regression analysis:High nutritional risk was a risk factor for hospi-talization of hospitalized infants with lower respiratory tract infection ( RR=1. 57, P=0. 024 ) . Conclusion There is a high incidence of high nutritional risk in infants with lower respiratory tract infection. Compared with children with low and moderate nutritional risk, the hospitalization time is longer, the hospitalization cost is in-creased, and the clinical cure rate is lower, which is the risk of clinical outcome. factor. Therefore, it is neces-sary to conduct nutrition risk screening for infants with lower respiratory tract infections, and provide a theoreti-cal basis for clinical nutrition evaluation and nutritional intervention.

Determination of Three Alkaloids in Wine-processed Sophora Flavescens by HPLC / 中国药师

Objective:To develop an HPLC method for determining matrine , oxymatrine and oxysophocarpine in wine-processed Sophora flavescens.Methods:An HPLC method was used with a Dalian Elite HYP-ODS column (250 mm ×4.6 mm, 5 μm).The mobile phase consisted of methanol-phosphate buffer (12:88) with the flow rate of 1.0 ml· min-1 .The detection wavelength was 205 nm, the column temperature was 25℃and the injection volume was 20 μl.Results:The calibration curve was linear within the range of 0.105-0.420 μg for matrine,0.760-3.040μg for oxysophocarpine and 1.615-6.460μg for oxymatrine.The average recovery of ma-trine, oxysophocarpine and oxymatrine was 99.70％(RSD=1.92％), 99.41％( RSD=1.93％) and 98.60％(RSD=1.79％)(n=6), respectively.Conclusion:The method is accurate and reliable with good reproducibility , promising specificity and high sensitivi-ty, which can be used for the quality control of wine-processed Sophora flavescens.

Preparation of Guizhi Fuling transdermal patch / 中成药

AIM To prepare Guizhi Fuling transdermal patch.METHODS With kinds of pressure-sensitive adhesive and penetration enhancer,kind and consumption of solvent,drug loading as influencing factors,appearance,formability and viscidity of patch,extract dispersion as evaluation indices,single factor test was applied to optimizing the preparation.And subsequent in vitro transdermal absorption test was performed to investigate the steady-state permeation rates of paeoniflorin,cinnamic acid and paeonol onto rat skins.RESULTS The optimal conditions were determined to be Duro-Tak 87-2677 polyacrylate pressure-sensitive adhesive (matrix),1 ∶ 0.5 for ratio of extract to propanediol (solvent),3％ azone as a penetration enhancer,and 20％ for drug loading,the obtained transdermal patch demonstrated both ideal initial adhesion force and holding adhesion force.These three constituents' average transdermal rates were 34.32,1.684,72.90 μg/(cm2 · h) with the average release rates of 26.81,1.523,111.8 μg/(cm2 · h),respectively,whose in vitro transdermal permeation curves conformed to Higuchi equation.CONCLUSION Guizhi Fuling transdermal patch processed with simple and stable preparation technique exhibits good in vitro transdermal permeation performance.

Determination of emodin in plasma by HPLC-MS and its pharmacokinetic study in rats / 中草药

Objective: To establish a method for determination of emodin in rat plasma by HPLC/Q-Exactive HR/MS, and to study the pharmacokinetics of emodin in normal rats and cerebral ischemia rats. Methods: The plasma concentration of emodin was determined by HPLC/Q-Exactive HRMS method with internal standard method. Emodin was eluted on a XBridgeTM C18 (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 μm) column with temperature at 30 ℃. The mobile phase consisted of 3 mmol/L ammonium acetate and methanol, with a gradient program as follows: 0~2 min (30% methanol), 2-10 min (30%-60% methanol), 10-13 min (60%-30% methanol). The flow rate was 0.3 mL/min, and the injection volume was 5 μL. MS experiments were coupled with the HPLC via HESI source operated in negative ionization full-scan mode. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by the software of DAS 3.0. Results: The main pharmacokinetic parameters of emodin in normal rats and cerebral ischemia rats were as follows: AUC0-∞ were (605.63 ± 163.66) and (1 107.78 ± 191.11) ng∙h/mL, Cmax were (81.96 ± 20.72) and (91.65 ± 16.82) ng/mL, VZ/F were (851.03 ± 97.30) and (1 051.87 ± 119.88) L/kg, t1/2 were (10.31 ± 1.61) and (23.13 ± 3.56) h, tmax were (0.75 ± 0.22) and (0.75 ± 0.16) h. Conclusion: The method is simple, accurate, fast, sensitive, and suitable for the pharmacokinetic study of emodin in rats.

Simultaneous Determination of 10 Anthraquinones in Rhubarb Based on HPLC-Q-HR/MS / 中草药·英文版

Objective To develop a simple, sensitive, and precise method for simultaneous determination of 10 anthraquinones in Rhubarb. Methods HPLC-Q-HR/MS was employed for simultaneous quantification of free anthraquinones (aloe-emodin, emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, and rhein) and their glycosides. Chromatographic analysis was performed on an XBridge™ C18 column (2.1 mm × 150 mm, 5 µm) with mobile phases consisting of 3 mmol/L ammonium acetate (A) and methanol (B) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Results All calibration curves exhibited good linear relationship (R2 > 0.999). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were in the range of 0.39-2.97 ng/mL and 0.56-8.90 ng/mL, respectively. The overall intra- and inter-day precisions of analytes presented as relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 2.79%. Relative recoveries varied between 97.83% and 104.28%. The validated method was applied to assess the quality of Rhubarb collected from different regions of China. Results showed that chrysophanol and rhein-8-O-β-D-glucoside was the largest portion of free anthraquinones and anthraquinone glycosides in Rhubarb, respectively. The total content of anthraquinones was higher in Rhubarbs from Sichuan, Qinghai, Yunnan, and Gansu provinces than that in those from Shandong and Henan provinces, while no significant variability existed in different regions of the same province. Conclusion HPLC-Q-HR/MS method is accurate and reliable for simultaneous quantification of above free anthraquinones and their glycosides in Rhubarb and can be applied to standardize the quality of Rhubarb and its quality control in different regions.

Studies on fingerprint of Patriniae Herba / 中草药

Objective: To establish the HPLC fingerprint of herbs of Patriniae Herba. Methods: The fingerprints of Patriniae Herba were built using Orca C18 column and acetonitrile-0.05% phosphoric acid as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. The detecting wavelength was set at 230 nm. The temperature of column was at 35℃. Results: Under the selected spectrum conditions, HPLC fingerprint of herbs of Patriniae Herba was established, and eight public peaks were shown in the HPLC fingerprint. The methodological study met the required standards. Cluster analysis showed that class I medical BJ1, BJ2, BJ3, BJ4, BJ5, BJ6, BJ7, BJ8, BJ9, both, BJ13, BJ14 each batch Patriniae Herba and control the similarity between fingerprints was 0.987-0.907, Indicating that there are good consistency between batches of medicinal materials; class II medical BJ11, BJ12, and BJ15 group of Patriniae Herba and control fingerprint differences larger. Conclusion: The method is accurate and reliable, simple and efficient, and can be used as the evaluation of Patriniae Herba from different origins and with different varieties.

Establishment of HPLC fingerprint of Verbenae officinalis and determination of multi-components / 中草药

Objective: To establish an HPLC fingerprint method of Verbenae officinalis L. and determine the contents of its main components. Methods: Many batches of Verbenae officinalis fingerprint and the contents of main components were determined by HPLC, and the similarity and cluster analysis of the fingerprints of each batch were compared and the contents of the main components were compared. Results: The results showed that the difference of the main content of medicinal materials and fingerprints were between each batch of Verbenae officinalis. Conclusion: The fingerprint and its main components determination method have been established to provide the scientific basis for the quality evaluation of Verbenae officinalis.

Crystal structure and crystal form stability of trelagliptin succinate / 药学学报

In order to investigate trelagliptin succinate's stability in solution, recrystallization and suspension methods in polar solvent (mainly in water and 95% alcohol) were used to study the crystal form transformation of trelagliptin succinate. Single crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction and thermalgravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to characterize the structure of the solid state form before and after transformation. The results showed that trelagliptin succinate can easily convert to trelagliptin hemi-succinate mediated by solvent, especially by polar solvent, namely trelagliptin hemi-succinate is more stable than trelagliptin succinate in solution.

Simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetics of five rhubarb anthraquinones in dog plasma by HPLC after orally administration the rhubarb extract

Rhubarb is widely used in the treatment of obstipation, gastrointestinal indigestion and other diseases in China and other Asian countries for thousands of years. Anthraquinones are the major group of polyphenol constituents including aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion. In order to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of five rhubarb anthraquinones, a high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection [HPLC-FLD] method for simultaneous determination of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion in dog plasma was established. Solid phase extraction [SPE] was applied to the extraction and purification of samples. The calibration curves of five anthraquinones showed good linearity with r greater than 0.9925. The average extraction recoveries, examined at three concentration levels, carried from 92.1% to 102.3%, and the accuracies ranged from 87.7% to 102.5% with precision [RSD] <10%. The pharmacokinetic paremeters of five anthraquinones were investigated systematically after orally administration the rhubarb extract. Five anthraquinones were rapidly absorbed and T[max] for aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion was at 0.75, 1.50, 0.75, 1.0 and 2.0 h respectively. The C[max] of five anthraquinones was 0.031, 3.39, 0.27, 0.036 and 0.032 micro g/mL while the AUC of five anthraquinones was 0.35 +/- 0.058, 32.22 +/- 8.29, 2.97 +/- 0.66, 0.43 +/- 0.10 and 0.41 +/- 0.12 mg h/L, respectively

Biological and phylogenetic analysis of first isolate of Tahyna virus in China / 病毒学报

In 2006, the first Chinese Tahyna virus isolate (XJ0625) was obtained in Xinjiang province and human infection were found in the same region. In this study, cell culture, animal experiments, electron microscopy, immunofluorescence assay and cross neutralization tests were performed to see the cell susceptibility, animal pathogenicity, morphology and antigenic and other biological characteristics of XJ0625. In addition, molecular biology software was used to analyze the characteristics of molecular evolution. The results showed that BHK-21 cell line was susceptible to XJ0625 and the virus was lethal to suckling mice when injected by intracranial ways. Similar to the other Bunyavirus, Tahyna virus is spherical enveloped virus under electron microscopy. XJ0625 infected cells showed strong fluorescent signal and could be neutralized by immune asities fluid with immnity to protype Tahyna virus Bardos 92. The sequence of the S and M segments showed 91.8% and 81.9% homology with Bardos 92.

Dual isoflurane-induced preconditioning improves neuroprotection in rat brain in vitro and the role of extracellular signal--regulated protein kinase / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To test the ability of isoflurane-induced preconditioning against oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) injury in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rat hippocampal slices were exposed to 1 volume percentage (vol%), 2vol% or 3vol% isoflurane respectively for 20 minutes under normoxic conditions (95% O₂/5% CO₂) once or twice (12 slices in each group) before OGD, with 15-minute washout after each exposure. During OGD experiments, hippocampus slices were bathed with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) lacking glucose and perfused with 95% N₂ and 5% CO₂ for 14 minutes, followed by a 30-minute reperfusion in normal ACSF. The CA1 population spike (PS) was measured and used to quantify the degree of neuronal function recovery after OGD. To assess the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in isoflurane preconditioning, U0126, an inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2), and SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, were used before two periods of 3vol% isoflurane exposure.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The degree of neuronal function recovery of hippocampal slices exposed to 1vol%, 2vol%, or 3vol% isoflurane once was 41.88%±9.23%, 55.05% ± 11.02%, or 63.18% ± 10.82% respectively. Moreover, neuronal function recovery of hippocampal slices exposed to 1vol%, 2vol%, or 3vol% isoflurane twice was 53.75% ± 12.04%, 63.50% ± 11.06%, or 76.25% ± 12.25%, respectively. Isoflurane preconditioning increased the neuronal function recovery in a dose-dependent manner. U0126 blocked the preconditioning induced by dual exposure to 3vol% isoflurane (6.13% ± 1.56%, P < 0.01) and ERK1/2 activities.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Isoflurane is capable of inducing preconditioning in hippocampal slices in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, and dual exposure to isoflurane with a lower concentration is more effective in triggering preconditioning than a single exposure. Isoflurane-induced neuroprotection might be involved with ERK1/2 activities.</p>

Correlation of microvascular density and clinicopathological factors in different subtypes of renal cell carcinoma / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The aim of this study was to evaluate the expressions of CD34, CD31 and microvessel density (MVD) in different subtypes of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) as well as the relationship between MVD and clinicopathological factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Expressions of CD31 and CD34 were detected in 149 patients with RCC using SP immunohistochemical staining. The MVD was studied by Weidner's method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expressions of CD31 and CD34 in the clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) (98.35 +/- 55.05, 128.04 +/- 46.44) were significantly higher than those in chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) (30.70 +/- 17.72, 48.55 +/- 14.09) and papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) (21.60 +/- 9.38, 38.12 +/- 10.98) (P < 0.01). The MVD value marked by CD31 (30.70 +/- 17.72, 21.60 +/- 9.38) was much lower than that marked by CD34 (48.55 +/- 14.09, 38.12 +/- 10.98) between ChRCC and PRCC (P < 0.01). Smaller and immatured microvessels and even single endothelial cells could be clearly seen. The MVD values marked by CD31 and CD34 were negatively correlated with the pathological grades (r(CD34) = -0.618, P < 0.01; r(CD31) = -0.442, P < 0.01) and clinical stages (r(CD34) = -0.283, P < 0.05; r(CD31) = -0.256, P < 0.05) in CCRCC. But no association was found in non-CCRCC (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>MVD is significantly correlated with different types of endothelial labeling. The microvascular endothelial cells could be shown clearly by its related antigen labeling such as CD34 and CD31. CD34 is more sensitive than CD31. The MVD of CCRCC is significantly higher than that in non-CCRCC. The expressions of CD31 and CD34 are not correlated with tumor grade and stage in ChRCC and PRCC, while there is a negative correlation in CCRCC.</p>

Expression of VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 in papillary renal cell carcinoma and their relationship with prognosis / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To detect the expression of VEGF receptors in papillary renal cell carcinoma and to explore the correlation between their expression and clinical prognosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Expression of VEGF receptors and PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) were evaluated in 82 patients with papillary renal cell carcinoma using tissue microarray and SP immunohistochemical staining.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of VEGFR-1 in papillary renal cell carcinoma was 82.93%, VEGFR-2 63.41%, VEGFR-3 34.15% and PCNA 67.07%, respectively. Increased VEGFR-2 expression was significantly correlated with tumor size (P = 0.016), histological grade (P = 0.034) and distant metastasis (P = 0.002). VEGFR-3 expression was correlated with histological grade (P = 0.028), lymph node status (P = 0.010) and distant metastasis (P = 0.018), but not correlated with gender, age, location, tumor size and TNM staging. VEGFR-1 expression had no correlation with any clinic and pathologic factors. PCNA expression was correlated with histological grade (P = 0.011), but not correlated with other factors. The expression of VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 in death cases were higher than that in surviving patients.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Both VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 can serve as markers for prognosis of papillary renal cell carcinoma. Differently, VEGFR-3 is a predictor of lymph node metastasis, increased VEGFR-2 expression could be used to predict a potential blood dissemination.</p>

Non-clear cell renal carcinoma: comparative analysis of the new and old histological classification in 79 cases / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the old classification and 2004 WHO histological classification of renal cell carcinoma, summarize the differences and possible reasons, and correct the traditional pathological concepts of kidney cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Specimens of 79 cases histopathologically diagnosed as non-clear cell renal cell carcinomas after radical nephrectomy during 1998 to 2005 in Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital were reclassified according to the 2004 WHO renal cell carcinoma histological classification system.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After reclassification, there were 14 cases of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC), 23 cases of papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC), 34 cases of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC), one collecting duct renal cell carcinoma, one unclassified renal cell carcinoma, 5 cases of mixed cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC + PRCC 2 cases, CCRCC + ChRCC 2 cases, PRCC + ChRCC 1 case), and one oncocytoma diagnosed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Some chromophobe renal cell carcinomas and papillary renal cell carcinomas were easier to be diagnosed as granular cell renal cell carcinoma in the past. The eosinophilic cytoplasm similar to that in the granular cells, and some confusion between PRCC and ChRCC are the main reasons. The cellular characteristic features of granular renal cell carcinoma can be found in many types of renal tumors. Granular cell renal cell carcinoma is not an independent entity, therefore, it should be removed from the histological classification of renal cell carcinoma. The diagnosis standard of mixed renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) need to be determined and consummated.</p>

Study on time-space clustering regarding the distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in Kashgar Re-gion,Xinjiang / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To probe time-space clustering on the distribution of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Kashgar Region.Methods Based on the geographic information system,a Poisson model of time-space statistical software was applied to analyze data over the past 11 years in the Kashgar Region.Zones with clustering phenomenon were conformed by geographic location and remote sensing images.Results There existed three high risk clustering zones and corresponding time frames of VL in Kashgar Region.The center location of zone A was located in E 76.08°,N 39.52°,with radius as 6.58 km.The high risk time frame was from January 1st of 1999 to December 31st of 2003.Within the zone and time frame,the relative risk (RR) of VL incidence was 45.98 times higher than those outside the scope (P＜0.0001).Zone B's center location was at E 79.20°,N 39.91°,with the radius as 4.93 km.Its high risk time frame was from January 1st of 2002 to December 31st of 2006.Within the zone and time frame,the RR of VL incidence was 9.58 times higher than those outside of the scope (P＜0.0001).Zone C's center location was in E 76.23°,N 39.40°,and the radius was 7.63 km,with the high risk time frame from January 1st of 2000 to December 31st of 2004.Within the zone and time frame,the RR of VL incidence was 5.18 times higher than the one from outside of the scope (P＜0.0001).Conclusion The incidence of VL in Kashgar Region was non-randomly distributed while there existed obvious time-space clustering,with all of three high risk clustering zones located in oasis area where appeared the focus area for control and surveillance of VL.